| Almost always caused by previous rheumatic fever resulting in valve fibrosis, calcification, and shortening. |
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| Occasionally familial with autosomal dominance, also seen frequently in conjunction with Graves' Disease, Marfan's Syndrome, and with Mg deficiencies. |
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| Most common causes in North America are myxomatous degeneration, papillary muscle dysfunction, & ruptured chrodae tendinaea. |
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| Idiopathic degeneration of the valve, rheumatic heart disease, infective endocarditis, trauma, and congenital heart disease. |
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| Usually congenital, but can occur due to rheumatic disease, especially when mitral valve disease is present. |
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